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Support Center Support Center. External link. Please review our privacy policy. Not recommended due to high prevalence of resistant variants. Approved for treatment and prevention , per inhalation. Interference with expression of viral M gene segment. Cleavage of sialic acids from host cell surface. Peptide inhibitor binding thus blocking viral HA.
Symptoms may include fever, runny nose, and cough. Patients usually recover on their own. However, HPIVs can also cause more severe illness, such as croup or pneumonia. Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link. After this blood is collected, CDC prepares sera from these blood samples to enable analysis of antibodies against circulating flu viruses. Laboratory tests including the hemagglutination inhibition assay HI test and microneutralization assay, are commonly used for serology testing.
The goal is to measure how well the antibodies elicited from flu vaccination can recognize and neutralize the flu viruses in circulation. In contrast, if the antibodies produced from vaccination do not effectively neutralize currently circulating flu viruses, then it is likely that one or more of the components of the flu vaccine will need to be updated. Scientists have traditionally used sera produced by ferrets inoculated with specific flu viruses to assess the similarity match or differences mismatch between the CVVs chosen for use in flu vaccines and the flu viruses that are in circulation.
By testing antibodies found in human sera after flu vaccination, scientists can better determine whether the human immune response to the vaccine will sufficiently target and neutralize circulating flu viruses. The human immune response to flu vaccination can be different to that of ferrets. In contrast, humans — particularly older children and adults — often have had previous flu vaccinations or flu infections.
These prior flu infections or vaccinations are known to affect the way the human immune system responds to future flu vaccinations or flu virus infections. For example, sometimes only antibodies contained in human sera as opposed to ferret sera can detect the antigenic differences between flu viruses. Also, sometimes people may respond differently to flu vaccination based on their age, exposure history to flu, geographic location, immune status, and other host factors.
The collection and use of human serology data are critical to ensure that the CVVs used in seasonal flu vaccines can provide sufficient protection against circulating flu viruses each flu season.
CDC collects human serology data year-round to inform the recommendations for the composition of seasonal flu vaccines. Therefore, CDC must collect and analyze human serology data twice a year in advance of these meetings to support the flu vaccine composition recommendation for the coming season. For example, studies are conducted comparing standard egg-based flu vaccines to cell-based, recombinant, adjuvanted, and high dose flu vaccines that are currently licensed to use in the United States.
CDC also compares the human antibody response across different age groups and in different populations, including those with different immune status e. This data helps CDC determine the most effective flu vaccination strategies for specific age groups or populations. CDC researchers want to better understand the immunological factors that are associated with breakthrough infections.
For example, scientists have traditionally measured the amount of antibodies that a person produces following flu vaccination by a laboratory test called the hemagglutination inhibition test HI test. The HI test is used to determine how well antibodies developed against one flu virus prevent the binding of another flu virus to red blood cells. In doing so, the test can determine how antigenically similar the two viruses are to one another. HI test is often used as a surrogate of the neutralization test.
More information about the HI test and how it is used to inform vaccine composition recommendations is available at Antigenic Characterization CDC. Certain thresholds of HI antibody titers have been shown to be associated with a reduction in the risk of flu infection immune protection. A titer is a laboratory unit of measurement for a specific amount of antibody in a serum.
HI titers are often used to evaluate how well a flu vaccine works. Data gathered using these tests have the potential to provide critical information that will improve understanding of the underlying immunological factors contributing to vaccine breakthrough infections. This information can in turn be used to inform the most effective vaccination strategies. Another area of human serology research involves understanding why flu vaccine effectiveness varies from season to season and differs between flu virus types and subtypes.
Many factors can impact the effectiveness of flu vaccines in the population. One factor is the similarity or match between the characteristics of the flu vaccine and the flu viruses that are circulating and causing illness. For example, many flu vaccines are still produced in chicken eggs, and the egg-based vaccine manufacturing production process can introduce genetic changes in vaccine viruses that allow them to grow better in chicken eggs.
Such changes, however, can alter the antigenic properties of viruses, making them less similar to the flu viruses in circulation. In addition, complex host immunological factors also can affect the protective immunity people receive from flu vaccination.
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