Publication date : 01 Mar Introduction to Operating Systems Post date : 29 Aug Intended as a general introduction to the techniques used to implement operating systems and related kinds of systems software. Publication date :.
Linux Kernel in a Nutshell Post date : 08 Oct Covers everything that is needed to know in order to properly build, customize, and install the Linux kernel. No programming experience is needed to understand and use this book. Operating Systems and Middleware: Supporting Controlled Interaction Post date : 11 Apr This book describes how support for computations, data storage and network communication are provided both by operating systems and by additional software layered on top of operating systems, which is known as middleware.
Operating Systems: Three Easy Pieces Post date : 01 Jun This book covers the fundamentals of operating systems, including virtualization of the CPU and memory, threads and concurrency, and file and storage systems. Advanced topics are covered in detail such as journaling, attributes, indexing and query processing.
Project Oberon - The Design of an Operating System and Compiler, Revised Edition Post date : 11 Oct Presents the results of Project Oberon, which its primary goal was to design and implement an entire software environment from scratch, and to structure it in such a way that it can be described, explained, and understood as a whole. As well as the attribute file, this includes information about the modification, creation, and access date and times.
The FNODE can contain the file's data, or pointers that may point to the file's data or to other structures that will eventually point to the file's data. HPFS attempts to allocate as much of a file in contiguous sectors as possible.
This is done in order to increase speed when doing sequential processing of a file. HPFS organizes a drive into a series of 8-MB bands, and whenever possible a file is contained within one of these bands. Between each of these bands are 2K allocation bitmaps, which keep track of which sectors within a band have and have not been allocated. Banding increases performance because the drive head does not have to return to the logical top typically cylinder 0 of the disk, but to the nearest band allocation bitmap to determine where a file is to be stored.
One of the biggest dangers of using HPFS is that if the Super Block is lost or corrupted due to a bad sector, so are the contents of the partition, even if the rest of the drive is fine.
It would be possible to recover the data on the drive by copying everything to another drive with a good sector 16 and rebuilding the Super Block. However, this is a very complex task. The Spare Block is located in logical sector 17 and contains a table of "hot fixes" and the Spare Directory Block.
Under HPFS, when a bad sector is detected, the "hot fixes" entry is used to logically point to an existing good sector in place of the bad sector. This technique for handling write errors is known as hot fixing. Hot fixing is a technique where if an error occurs because of a bad sector, the file system moves the information to a different sector and marks the original sector as bad.
For more discussion of the advantages of HPFS, see the following:. Because of the overhead involved in HPFS, it is not a very efficient choice for a volume of under approximately MB. In addition, with volumes larger than about MB, there will be some performance degradation.
However, unlike FAT or HPFS, there are no "special" objects on the disk and there is no dependence on the underlying hardware, such as byte sectors. To ensure reliability of NTFS, three major areas were addressed: recoverability, removal of fatal single sector failures, and hot fixing.
NTFS is a recoverable file system because it keeps track of transactions against the file system. Under NTFS, a log of transactions against these components is maintained so that CHKDSK need only roll back transactions to the last commit point in order to recover consistency within the file system. Under FAT or HPFS, if a sector that is the location of one of the file system's special objects fails, then a single sector failure will occur.
NTFS avoids this in two ways: first, by not using special objects on the disk and tracking and protecting all objects that are on the disk.
One of the major design goals of Windows NT at every level is to provide a platform that can be added to and built upon, and NTFS is no exception. NTFS provides a rich and flexible platform for other file systems to be able to use.
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